What to know about Hurricane Melissa as death toll rises

The U.S. National Hurricane Center said a “dangerous storm surge” was expected in the Bahamas through the night, with eastern Cuba still at risk. Maximum sustained winds were 100 mph (155 kph) as what had roared into Jamaica as a Category 5 storm was now at Category 2.

Here is what to know:

Countries still at risk

The National Hurricane Center said a hurricane warning remained for the Cuban provinces of Granma, Santiago de Cuba, Guantanamo, Holguin, and Las Tunas, as well as the southeastern and central Bahamas and Bermuda. It said people should remain sheltered.

The center warned that flash flooding and landslides were possible in Hispaniola, the island that Haiti and the Dominican Republic share. And it said a storm surge of 4 feet (1.2 meters) to 7 feet (2.1 meters) was possible in the southeastern Bahamas on Wednesday.

Aid efforts

Humanitarian efforts have begun, while local officials struggle to contact some areas and assess the storm's damage. Jamaica’s education minister said 77% of the island was without power.

The U.S. government said it was deploying a disaster response team and search and rescue personnel to the region, in a test for the Trump administration after its massive cuts to foreign aid this year.

The United Nations was preparing aid, and Britain said it is sending 2.5 million pounds ($3.3 million) in humanitarian funding to Jamaica.

A record storm

Melissa was the strongest to hit Jamaica since record-keeping began 174 years ago.

The hurricane's 185 mph (295 kph) winds and 892 millibars of central pressure tied two records for the strongest Atlantic storm on landfall.

The pressure — the key measurement meteorologists use — tied 1935’s Labor Day hurricane in Florida, while wind speed tied a 1935 hurricane and 2019’s Hurricane Dorian, said hurricane scientists Phil Klotzbach of Colorado State University and Brian McNoldy of the University of Miami.

Rapid strength and climate change

Melissa reached tropical storm status last Tuesday and became a hurricane Saturday. It rapidly intensified into a Category 5 hurricane early Monday.

Scientists said Melissa is the fourth storm in the Atlantic this year to undergo rapid intensification. Storms that ramp up so quickly complicate forecasting and make it harder to plan for emergencies.

Climate scientists have linked the rapid intensification to warming ocean temperatures. Abnormally warm ocean waters of about 2 to 3 degrees Celsius (3.6 to 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) above normal helped double Melissa’s wind speed in less than 24 hours, scientists said.

Warmer temperatures also give hurricanes fuel to unleash more rain.

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