It's one of medicine's biggest mysteries — why sometimes our immune system attacks our own bodies. Autoimmune diseases affect as many as 50 million Americans and millions more worldwide. They're hard to diagnose and treat, and they're on the rise. A Massachusetts woman's journey with one named lupus — called the disease of 1,000 faces for its baffling variety of symptoms — offers a snapshot of the burden. Now researchers are decoding the biology behind these debilitating diseases in hopes of eventually treating the causes, not just the symptoms.

An American biochemist whose research has helped scientists make inroads on treating coronavirus and HIV has won this year's Wolf Prize, a major Israeli award in the arts and sciences. The Wolf Fund said Professor Pamela Björkman of Caltech has "unlocked the secrets of how the immune system identifies and battles pathogens, developing game changing approaches to combat some of humanity's most formidable viral enemies." Eight others also received the state-funded prize, which has been awarded annually for 47 years. Many of the award winners have gone on to receive Nobel prizes.